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广州自考:全国2010年4月自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码:00096一、Choose one answer that best explains the underlined part of the following sentences. (本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在答题纸相应的位置上。错选、多选或未选均无分。1. Owing to the financial crisis, economic problems were exacerbated all over the world. A. deteriorated B. improved C. enlarged D. transformed 2. The authorities are willing to permit a run-down in the country’s international reserves over the next few years. A. run away B. reduction C. enhancement D. downward3. Figures show that the bulk of our foreign obligations consist of non-bank trade-related credits. A. investments B. profits C. revenues D. debts4. Foreign investors want to enjoy the same tax status as the domestic ones.A. treatment B. decline C. support D. objection5. More than a decade of fast growth makes China to supplant Japan as West’s main trade worry in Asia. A. exceed B. replace C. agree D. defeat 6. Many governments have promised to take measures to help the unemployed.A. action B. size C. degree D. care7. Discrimination against goods from foreign countries is prohibited by WTO. A. equality B. fairness C. different treatment D. strict policy8. America’s embrace of the free-trade agreements balanced all the criticism from the developing countries.A. suggestion B. insistence C. opposition D. acceptance 9. Because of the mutual benefits no one would take a breach of those law lightly.A. offence B. obedience C. strike D. rest10. Economists reckon Japanese bilateral trade surplus with America is also growing rapidly. A. recognize B. calculate C. predict D. suggest11. Korea’s ambitious plans include a wholesale revamping of the country’s basic industries. A. reconstructing B. retracting C. releasing D. reverting12. Even the well established consultants are finding it hard to secure definitive lucrative projects. A. profitable B. reasonable C. safe D. risky 13. Japanese managers act more like western managers, putting profits before their firm’s market share. A. opportunity B. prospect C. protection D. part 14. In the U.S. soft drink industry is dominated by Coca-Cola and PepsiCo.A. competed B. balanced C. made D. controlled 15. Investment funds have moved out of commodities and into liquid assets.A. in the form of water B. moving C. easily changed into cash D. clear二、Put the following phrases into English.(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分) 请将答案填写在答题纸相应的位置上。16.最惠国待遇17.企业家精神18.人均收入19.贸易制裁20.资本市场21.(企业等的)总部22.有价证券23.批发商24.市场力量25.新兴工业三、Put the following phrases into Chinese.(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)请将答案填写在答题纸相应的位置上。26. coupon 27. fiscal packages 28. visible trade 29. Gross Domestic Product 30. trade balance 31. countervailing duty 32. consumer goods 33. export quota system 34. convertible currency 35. futures四、Read the following passages and answer the questions in English.(本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分)请将答案填写在答题纸相应的位置上。Passage 1 America wants Japan to meet import targets for some American goods. An unwilling Japan has decided to draw the line. It is the persistent surplus that has provoked anger in Washington ―― and Mr Clinton’s remark that “the possibility of obtaining real, even access to the Japanese market is somewhat remote”. This year the surplus has been growing fast. A Japanese economist estimates that Japan’s surplus could reach $200 billion if the yen stays at current level. With the economy still barely growing, despite two fiscal packages in the past nine months, Japan’s critics say that the country is once more exporting its way out of recession. MITI argues a persistent surplus is inevitable as long as Japanese households save more than American ones, and America’s budget deficit remains untamed. This is a familiar point: trade balances are determined by macroeconomic factors, not by trade policy. 36. What’s the meaning of “draw the line” here? 37. What’s the meaning of “exporting its way out of recession”?38. How do you understand the underlined sentence? Passage 2 The sleeper among the products turns out to be Cherry Coke, which contains no fruit juice at all. Cherry Coke has captured shares of 4% to 8% in test market. The drink probably won’t do as well when it is rolled out nationally, since price promotions have been helping it along. But beverage analysts believe Cherry Coke could eventually displace Dr Pepper as the nation’s fifth-best-selling soft drink. Even if consumers swill the new sodas by the liter in test market, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo still face a struggle in persuading bottlers across the nation to take the products. One of the biggest battles in the soda wars, in fact, may not be for drinkers but for bottlers. Bottlers have a symbiotic but occasionally fractious relationship with the syrup makers. Although Coca-Cola and PepsiCo own some of their own bottling companies, most bottlers are still independent.39. What’s your understanding of “price promotions” here?40. What’s the “symbiotic” aspect of the relationship between the bottlers and the syrup makers?41. What’s the “occasionally fractious” aspect?五、Read the following passages and decide whether the statements are true or false. (本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)请将答案填写在答题纸相应的位置上。Passage 1 Culture differences are sometimes ignored in marketing campaigns. Culture awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation of your products. There are subtleties and nuances(细微差别) to every culture. Almost most people wouldn’t be able to list the rules of their own culture, they certainly know when hose rules are violated. In Japan, for example, a major household products company spent many millions of dollars on a marketing campaign in advance of introducing its laundry detergent (清洁剂). Nevertheless, when the detergent was made available, sales were miniscule. In fact, few shops stocked the soap. Non-tariff trade barriers? No, it was something much simpler. The typically American “large, economy-sized” boxes were far too big for the tiny Japanese retail establishments. And Japanese housewives don’t usually have cars ―― they walk to the stores and carry their purchase home, to very small living spaces. It can be a big mistake to assume a Pan-Asia market( 泛亚市场) or a “Latin American” or “European” buyer. Neighboring cultures elsewhere don’t necessarily share buying preferences any more than a US buyer does with a Mexico consumer. Furthermore, national borders don’t always delineate(描绘) buying behavior; regional patterns can be just as strong. 42. Advertising and coupons are examples of marketing campaigns. 43. The detergent was popular in Japan. 44. Japanese consumers usually like large boxes because they are lower in prices.45. A US buyer has the same buying behavior as a Mexico consumer. 46. Perhaps buying preferences are quite different among national borders. Passage 2 Starting from the mid-1990s, the international financial crisis has hit almost the whole world. The global financial system is breaking apart and it is hurtling ever more national economies in the abyss( 深渊) with it. In order to earn foreign exchange, the economies are forced to dump the rest of their production onto the shrinking world market at bargain-basement prices. That is why the average prices of raw materials are currently at their lowest level since the mid-1970s. But it was not only the prices for raw materials that collapsed; collapsing prices and reduced demand has also hit trade in automobiles, ships, chemical products, and computer chips. Now it is hitting the core of the Western industrial countries, which are heavily export-dependent. Looking at world economic developments from the west European point of view, the gale warnings are up. East Asia, which had accounted for more than half of the additional worldwide demand for industrial goods of all kinds since the beginning of 1990s, has largely dropped away as an importer. The supposed land of economic miracles of the past year, the United States, which increased its imports from Germany in 1997 by 30%, is finally showing the traces of the global economic collapse. On Nov.8,1998, representatives of the US government threaten the European Union with trade war. They warned that a “protectionist fire ” would take hold in the United States if the European were not willing to massively reduce their trade surplus. US representatives had made similar threats against Japan one year before. The backdrop of these threats is, of course, the explosive growth of the US balance of payments deficit.47. “bargain-basement prices” means high prices. 48. Economy of the Western industrial countries highly depended on their export.49. East Asia countries kept on importing more under the international financial crisis. 50. The US economy was not influenced by the financial crisis. 51. The trade war against Japan had successfully decreased the US’s trade deficit.六、Translate the following passage into Chinese.(本大题共12分)请将答案填写在答题纸相应的位置上。52.To many developing countries, the trend is deeply worrying as well as bewildering ―― the terms of trading have worsened dramatically for them. For the industrialized world, by contrast, the drop in commodity prices has been a real boon in the fight against inflation. The explanation for the general weakness in commodity prices is complex, and the factors in play will obviously vary greatly from one commodity to another. For example, while falling oil prices ought to provide a fillip to western economic growth ―― and therefore, indirectly, to demand for other commodities ―― they are bound to have other, perhaps less desirable, spin-offs. 答案: 广东外语外贸大学自考“国际贸易”专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/ucti010/40319-455526.aspx更多自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx?pid1=1广东外语外贸大学自考辅导班“国际贸易”专业咨询电话:38816946 QQ:2475775672 潘老师
广州自考:“营养、食品与健康”本科《实用卫生统计学》练习(一)练习1一、名词解释1、变异:同一性质的事物,其观察值之间的差异,统计上称为变异。2、统计推断:根据样本资料的特性对总体的特性作估计或推论的方法称统计推断,常用方法是参数估计或假设检验。3、标准差:是反映计量资料全部观察值离散程度的统计指标,用于描述对称分布资料,尤其正态分布资料的离散趋势4、均数:是反映计量资料全部观察值平均水平的统计指标,适用于对称分布尤其是正态分布资料5、动态数列:是一系列按时间顺序排列起来的统计指标,包括绝对数、相对数或平均数,用以说明事物在时间上的变化和发展趋势。 二、填空题1、计量资料是指(用度量衡的方法测定每个观察单位的某项研究指标量的大小获得的连续型资料);常用的统计指标有(平均数)、(标准差);常用字的统计方法有(t检验),(u检验),(直线相关与回归)。2、收集统计资料的三个基本要求(完整、正确和及时),(要有足够的数量),(资料的代表性和可比性)。3、描述计量资料离散趋势的常用指标有(极差)、(四分位数间距)、(方差和标准差)、(变异系数)4、描述计量资料集中趋势的常用指标有(均数)、(几何均数)、(中位数)。5、常用相对数有(构成比)、(率)、(相对比) 三、简答题1、卫生事业管理专业与卫生统计学的关系?卫生事业管理的研究对象也存在许多不确定性,因此,要利用卫生统计这个有效工具,充分发挥卫生统计的信息、咨询、监督的整体功能,为满足决策机构管理和卫生服务研究的需要。2、简述总体和样本的关系。样本是从总体中随机抽取的一部分有代表性的个体组成,除了数量比总体少,其他构成均与总体一样,是总体具体而微的缩影。3、简述率的标准化的基本思想?直接标准化法需要哪些条件?当不同人群的总率进行比较时,若其人群的内部构成存在差异,而年龄、性别等因素对率有影响。为消除构成的影响,要按照统一标准构成对两个人群进行校正,使两个人群构成一致。这种选择统一构成,然后计算标准化率的方法称为率的标准化法。直接法计算标化率需下面2个条件:(1)资料条件:已知实际人群的年龄别(组)率,且各年龄组率无明显交叉。(2)选择标准:可选择标准人群的年龄组人口数或构成比。 练习2一、名词解释1、统计表:是以表格的形式列出统计指标,它是对资料进行统计描述时的一种常用手段。2、抽样误差:在同一总体中随机抽取样本含量相同的若干样本时,样本指标之间的差异以及样本指标与总体指标的差异,称之为抽样误差。3、均数的抽样误差:在同一总体中随机抽取样本含量相同的若干样本时,样本指标之间的差异以及样本指标与总体指标的差异,称为抽样误差。统计学上,对于抽样过程中产生的同一总体中均数之间的差异称为均数的抽样误差。4、检验水准:也称为显著性水准,符号为α。α是预先规定的概率值,通常取0.05,它是“是否描绘H0的界限”。 二、填空题1、统计表是由(标题)、(标目)、(线条)、(数字)四个部分构成。2、设计统计表的横纵标目时,基本要求是(符合逻辑、主谓分明),即(横标目在表中作主语,纵标目作谓语,连贯在一起阅读,可以组成一句完整而通顺的话)3、统计推断包括两个方面的内容,即(参数估计)和(假设检验)4、可信区间的两个要素是(准确度)和(精密度)5、抽样研究时,由于(个体变异)的客观存在,抽样误差是不可避免的,即抽样造成了(总体指标)与其(样本指标)之间以及(样本指标)之间存在的差异。6、计量资料常用的假设检验有两个样本均数比较的(t检验)、(u检验)和多个样本均数比较的(方差分析)7、假设检验的结论具有概率性,拒绝H0时,可能犯(Ⅰ型错误),接受H0时,可能犯(Ⅱ型错误) 三、简答题1、绘制统计表的基本原则是?有两个基本原则:(1)一张表只能有一个中心,要说明什么问题,应该十分明确(2)横纵标目的排列要合理,主谓分明。2、统计表和统计图各有何作用?统计表和统计图是我们分析、对比事物的重要工具,统计图表的合理采用可以使资料得以准确表达,使人印象深刻和一目了然,便于资料的计算、分析和对比。3、均数的标准误差有何意义?与标准差有何区别?均数标准误是样本均数的标准差,它反映了样本均数之间的离散程度;也反映了均数抽样误差的大小。均数标准误与标准差的区别见教材P64表5.24、简述方差分析的基本思想。方差分析研究的基本思想就是将总变异分解成两个或多个部分。除随机误差外,其余每个部分的变异可以由某因素的作用来解释,通过比较可能由某因素所致的变异与随机误差的均方,由F检验作出统计推断,从而了解该因素有无作用。南方医科大学自考“营养、食品与健康”专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/ucti005/40319-532462.aspx更多自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx?pid1=1南方医科大学自考独立办班“营养、食品与健康”专业咨询电话:38816946 QQ:2475775672 潘老师
广州自考:“营养、食品与健康”本科《实用卫生统计学》练习(二)作业3名词解释1、四表格资料:四表格资料:两个样本率的资料又称为四表格表资料,在四格资料中两个样本的实际发生频数和实际未发生频数为基本数据,其他数据均可由这四个基本数据推算出来。2、参数检验:是一各要求样本来自总体分布型是已知的,在这种假设的基础上,对总体参数进行统计推断的假设检验。3、非参数检验:是一种不依赖总体分布类型,也不对总体参数进行统计推断的假设检验。4、直线相关系数:它是说明具有直线关系的两个变量间,相关关系的密切程度与相关方向的统计指标。相关系数没有单位,取值范围是-1≤r≤1,r的绝对值越大表明两变量的关系越密切。5、完全负相关:这是一种极为特殊的负相关关系,从散点图上可以看出,,由x与y构成的散点完全分布在一条直线上,x增加,y相应减少,算得的相关系数r=-1。二、填空题1、(样本含量n),(样本率P)((1-p)),(np)(n(1-p))2、(n1)(n2) ,(p1、(1-p1)),(p2、(1-p2)),(n1p1),(n1(1-p1)),(n2p2),(n2(1-p2))3、非参数检验适用于(任何)分布的资料,如(严重偏态分布的资料),又如(分布形状不明)的资料。4、(图示法),(指标法)5、(直线相关),(回归)三 简答题1、统计中的的回归关系与数学上的函数关系有何区别?数学上的函数关系式y=a+bx,是表示变量x与y是严格意义上的一一对应关系。每一个x 值,都会有一个确定并且唯一的y值与之对应。在坐标系中,所有的点(x,y)形成一条直线。而统计中的回归式,其因变量是y的估计值,它的数值大小与实际的y值是存在一定差距的。从散点图来看,所有的点(x,y)不会全落在回归直线上,而只能是围绕其较均匀地分布。2、请总结直线相关系数r与直线回归系数b的意义及特点。直线相关系数r是说明具有直线关系的两个变量间,相关关系的密切程度与相关方向的统计指标。总体相关系数用ρ表示,样本相关系数用r表示,r是ρ的估计值。相关系数没有单位,取值范围是-1≤r≤1。r值为正,表示两变量呈正相关,x与y变化趋势是正向的。r值为负,表示两变量呈负相关,x与y呈反方向变化,通常r的绝对值越大,表示两变量相关关系越密切。直线回归系数b即回归直线的斜率,b>0表示直线从左下走向右上方,y随x增大而增大;b<0,表示直线从左上方走向右下方,y随x增大而减小;b=0则直线与x轴平行,x与y无直线关系。B的统计学意义是x每增加(减)一个单位,y平均改变b个单位。3、简述四表格资料的X2检验的适用条件。(1)当n>40,且所有T≥5时,用X2检验的基本公式或四表格专用公式。(2)当n>40,但有1<T<5时,需用四表格X2检验的校正公式。(3)若n≤40,或T≤1时,不能计算X2值,需用确切概率计算法。4、区别在于:①参数检验要样本来自正态总体,而非参数检验则不对总体分布有任何要求;②参数检验是对总体参数进行的检验,而非参数检验考察的是总体的分布情况。 参数检验的优点是能充分利用所提供的信息,检验效率较高。缺点是对样本所对应的总体分布有比较严格的要求。因此适用资料有限。非参数检验的优点是不受总体分布类型的限制。适用于任何分布的资料。其缺点是不直接对原始数据作检验,从而有可能会损失信息并降低其检验效率。作业4一、名词解释1、综合评价:是指人们根据不同的评价目的,选择相应的评价形式,据此选择多个因素或指标,并通过一定的数学模型,将多个评价因素或指标转化为能反映评价对象总体特征的信息。2、卫生服务调查:是指对卫生服务状况、人群健康的危险因素、人群卫生服务的需求和利用、卫生服务资源的分配和利用所进行的一种社会调查。3、时点患病率:指在某时点检查时,接受检查的人群中现患病例所占的比例,分子为新老病人数,又称现患率或流行率。4、寿命表:是根据某一个群的年龄组死亡率编制出来的,说明人群生命过程及死亡过程的一种统计表。其优点是寿命表中的各项统计指标不受人口年龄结构的影响,不同地区或时期的寿命指标可以直接比较。5、卫生服务需要:是指人们因疾病影响健康引起人体正常活动的障碍,实际应当接受各种卫生服务的需要。二、填空题1、、综合评价方法,如综合评分法、优序法、Topsis法等等,在医疗卫生的各个领域中已得广泛应用。然而,这些方法还不十分成熟,还不能进行(误差估计),因而还停留在(统计描述)的水平上。2、一般应用层次分析法时,注意在计算(归一化权重系数)后,应当检查所求出的(权重系数)是否符合逻辑。通常用(一致性指标CI)检验该目标层各子目标的相对重要程度有无(逻辑混乱)。3、疾病统计中可以以(病人)、(病例)为统计单位。4、确定根本死因的目的是(预防死亡)。5、资料收集的主要来源有(卫生机构调查)和(家庭卫生询问调查),前者包括(医院调查)与其他卫生机构调查。6、人口金字塔可以分析过去人口的(出生死亡)情况以及今后人口的(发展趋势)。7、平均人口的计算方法有(用6月30日或7月1日的调查人口数)、(12个月的人口数相加再除以12)、(上一年末人口数加上本年末人口数再除以2)。8、ICD称为(国际疾病与有关健康问题的分类)。9、婴儿死亡率的分母是(某年活产总数),分子是(同年内不满1周岁婴儿死亡数)。三、简答题1、请对综合评分法、优序法、层次分析法进行比较,它们各自特点是什么? 综合评分法是在专家进行指标权重估计的基础上对所有待评方案在每一个评价指标计算其得分,然后累加总分后进行分析和评价的方法本法对样本数据无特殊要求。 优序法的特点是把所有待评价方案按照相同评价指标进行单指标排序,并按特定赋值原则给予优序数,最后综合所有评价指标,并分别计算各方案的总优序数,然后再进行分析评价的方法。本法对样本数据无特殊要求。 层次分析法的特点是把评价目标分解为不同层次的目标,对原始资料按不同层次建立目标树图,并根据经验对各层子目标的重要程度做两两对比打分,用计算得到的各层子目标的权重系数计算组合权重,最后用累加法等方法计算加权总分并进行综合评价。2、什么是根本死因?为什么死因统计要选择根本死因? WHO规定,根本死因是指:“(a)引起直接导致死亡的一系列病态事件的那些疾病或损伤,或者(b)造成致命损伤的事故或暴力的情况”。制定根本死因的想法是从预防死亡的角度出发,去寻找带有根本性的、引起一系列疾病并最终导致死亡的那个原因,不管它发生在死前多长时间都应给予记录。根本死因可以是一个明确的疾病诊断,可以是一个无明确诊断的医学情况,也可以是一个意外的损伤和中毒。3、疾病的统计对象有哪些?疾病的统计对象有①门诊疾病的统计对象:指患者去医疗机构就诊,并经医师诊断为患病者。②住院疾病的统计对象:诊断为有病的住院病人③疾病调查的研究对象:与门诊和住院疾病的统计对象不同,疾病调查常以特定人群作为研究对象,探讨疾病在人群中的分布。应根据调查目的确定观察。并根据研究目的确定研究的疾病及诊断方法和诊断标准。4、卫生服务调查的主要内容有哪些?卫生服务调查的内容包括以下几个方面:1、卫生状况,包括社会经济状况、人口状况,居民的生产及劳动卫生条件,居民健康,状况及其影响因素等。2、卫生服务资源,包括各类卫生机构及人员的数量、分布及结构,卫生费用的来源及使用,主要医疗设备及其利用情况,卫生技术能力等。3、居民的卫生服务需要、需求、利用及其影响因素。4、卫生部门为居民所提供的各类卫生服务的数量与质量以及卫生服务的效率、效果。5、寿命表的基本思想是什么?其基本思想是假定有同时出生的一代人,按照某个时期当地人口实际年龄组死亡率而陆续死亡,用寿命表方法计算出一系列统计指标,其中尚存人数、死亡人数、死亡概率及平均预期寿命是主要寿命表指标。南方医科大学自考“营养、食品与健康”专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/ucti005/40319-532462.aspx更多自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx?pid1=1南方医科大学自考独立办班“营养、食品与健康”专业咨询电话:38816946 QQ:2475775672 潘老师
学前教育:给阅读分享创造一些表现空间 相关研究表明:在0-3岁儿童早期的阅读中,并不等于成人给儿童提供了琳琅满目的图书,创设了丰富多彩的阅读环境,就大功告成了。 儿童的阅读兴趣、阅读习惯和阅读能力应在于外界环境的互动中建立起来。因此,在0-3岁儿童的早期阅读中,成人与儿童的分享阅读是十分重要的。 1.手偶表演促进个体的自我分享 手偶夸张的造型、生动的形象、有趣的神态再加上美丽的服饰牢牢地吸引了孩子的眼球,也是孩子们游戏活动中的热点。它主要通过孩子的手指、手掌活动来操作表演。为此,我根据孩子们的阅读内容,在表演区提供各种手偶,每阅读一个内容,就设计制作一套手偶。游戏时,邀请孩子和老师一起表演。 如在阅读了《吃汤圆》的内容后,我制作了小蚂蚁、扭扭蛇、宝宝和汤圆的手偶,引导孩子们在区域游戏中进行表演。孩子根据故事的情节依次带上不同的手偶,进行摆弄,进行自娱自乐的故事复述。 再如语言活动《宝宝喝牛奶》实施以后,我在表演区提供了小猫、小狗、爸爸、妈妈、爷爷、奶奶和小点点的手偶。孩子在游戏时可以根据自己的复述节奏,快乐地操作,在游戏的过程中,强化对阅读内容的理解和记忆。 2.小小故事会练就个体的分享胆量 每周五,我会提供一个小小故事会的平台,鼓励孩子们将自己阅读到的故事内容讲给大家听。起初,孩子们胆子小,讲故事的时候声音很轻,动作也很忸怩。在老师的不断鼓励、肯定中,他们的声音逐渐响亮起来、表演的欲望逐渐强烈起来、讲故事的经验也逐渐丰富起来。从他们稚嫩的嗓音中,我们听到了《小叶子的木珠》、《啊呜》、《好朋友》等等简单、有趣的故事,从他们生动的表情中,我们看到了小小故事会的力量,看到了分享阅读经验带给他们的快乐和胆量。 3.微型舞台剧打造团队的分享经验 托班的孩子年龄小,但是接受能力却不容小觑。在老师的精心设计下,微型舞台剧就这样隆重上场了。在老师声情并茂的旁白中,戴着小鸟翅膀的孩子上场了;穿着蝴蝶彩衣的孩子出场了;顶着小鱼头饰的孩子亮相了;“太阳是绿色的,照在叶子上绿绿的。”“太阳是红色的,照在花朵上红红的。”“太阳是蓝色的,照在大海上蓝蓝的。”在孩子们简短语言的表述中,我们听到了快乐的声音,听到了分享的喜悦。华师自考学前教育专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/uwaterlee/40319-488189.aspx更多广州自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx?pid1=1华师自考独立办班学前教育专业咨询电话:38816946 QQ:972279452 胡老师
英语学习:动物是我们最好的朋友Sometimes, relationships with humans are … well, complicated. Talk too little, and our human friends might think we’re hiding something. Talk too much, and we’re a bore. If we’re seen in public with a human friend’s significant other, it could get us in a lot of hot water.有时候,人类之间的友谊就是……呃,太复杂了。如果我们说的话太少了,他们可能会觉得我们在隐瞒什么事情。如果我们说的话太多了,我们就变成一个讨厌鬼了。如果有人当众发现我们和一个朋友的另一半在一起,我们可能就要被卷入浑水了。Let’s face it; our real best friends are animals. Here’s why:让我们接受现实吧!我们真正的好朋友其实是动物。原因如下:1. Animal friends always listen attentively to our complaints.当我们抱怨时,动物朋友们总会认真地倾听。2. And tell us exactly what they think about them.并且告诉我们它们最真实的想法。3. We never have to worry about carrying on a conversation with our animal friends.和动物朋友们在一起的时候,我们不用费尽心机找话题。4. Or finding someone to help out at work.也不用担心找不到人来分担一些工作。5. Our animal friends always have our back if things get crazy.如果事情变得不可收拾,动物朋友永远会在后面当我们坚强的后盾。6. And are there to comfort us when our hearts get broken.如果我们心碎了,它们永远会出来安慰我们。7. Animal friends make sure we don’t miss a workout.动物朋友让我们不会错失任何一个可以锻炼的机会。8.They ask so little in return; just give ‘em a pat now and then, and they’re happy.它们几乎不求回报;只要不时地摸一摸它们,它们就会很开心了。 华南师范大学自考独立办班英语专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/ucti001/40319-516380.aspx更多广州自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx咨询方式:38816946 吴老师 QQ:2251082501
英语阅读:什么能让你一直拥有幸福感?What makes you happy all the time? What do you do when you feel like having a bad day?什么能让你一直拥有幸福感?在你觉得一天过得很糟时,你会做什么让自己开心起来?下面是8位网友的分享,在读这篇文章的你,又是什么能让你拥有最大的幸福感?David LeonhardtBeing at peace with myself, just knowing that I am doing , thinking how lucky I am for the incredible bounty I was born into…it’s not one thing, it’s an attitude.内心的平静,知道自己在做什么,心怀感激我能降临到这个世界上是多大的运气,这不是一件事,这是一种生活态度。Jennifer WalpoleBooks. Books always make me happy when I’m having a bad day. And, while I do enjoy e-books, I love the print versions. There is something intensely satisfying about actually turning the page of a book. I like all genres of books; my favorites are sci-fi and adventure. I also turn to music to bolster my happiness. Josh Groban is a favorite. Most of the time, I have music playing in the background as I’m working. The most simplistic thing that I do when I need to feel happy is count my blessings; even when it seems like the world is crashing down, there is always something to be thankful for.书籍。心情不好的时候书永远能让我快乐起来。虽然我也喜欢电子书,但相比而言,纸质的更好。当你翻动书页的时候会有一种前所未有的满足感。我喜欢各种题材的书籍,最爱的是科幻和冒险类。我也会听音乐来获得幸福感,最爱的音乐人是美国歌手乔诗・葛洛班。大多数时候,我都会把音乐开着当成工作的背景。当我需要感知幸福时,最简单的莫过于数数我到底拥有些什么,哪怕我的世界一团糟,也总还会有值得我去感激的事情啊。Nikola GjakovskiKnowing that today I’m closer to my goal than yesterday brings me happiness. The things that make me a better person than I was yesterday, the virtues that we share between us. Also the small things such as hearing someone snort when they laugh, seeing people do good deeds, when I nail a performance I was nervous about, when my pet chooses to sleep next to me at night, when I see old couples still in love, eating a watermelon on a hot summer day, licking the spoon after baking, summer evening walks, realizing I’ve finished all my work for the day and lot of others. Minimize your satisfaction of happiness, but never minimize your goals and attainments. We all strive for happiness but only few find it.知道今天比昨天更接近目标能让我开心。那些让今天的我比昨天更好的事情,那些我们彼此分享的美德。还有一些小事:比如听到别人扑哧一笑的声音 ,看到别人做好事,为一次表演紧张到无法自拔,或者是宠物晚上睡在我旁边,看到老年伴侣依然相亲相爱,炎热的夏季夜晚吃一个大西瓜,烘烤完舔一舔勺子,夏季傍晚的散步,意识到我已经完成了自己一天的工作顺带帮别人完成了不少。把你对幸福感的满意度降到最低,但不要降低你的目标和成就。我们都在追求幸福,却只有很少人能真正找寻到。Ieva SalinaThe life itself. Moments when you feel everything is connected. that you are a creator. You have choice what to be, how to feel, what to think and say. Being in nature where everything is in harmony and step by step create harmony within and around. Those little moments which are filled with faith, love, joy and success gives strength and encourage to move forward, to your goals. Everything and anything is possible.生活本身。当你发现每件事都有着千丝万缕的联系的瞬间,你就是生活的创造者。你有选择去做什么、如何去感知、去思考什么和说什么的权利。当周围的一切都处在和谐之中不妨顺其自然,一步一步去创造内部和外在的和谐。那些充满了信念、爱、欢乐和成功的小瞬间,给予你力量促进你继续向着目标迈进。一切皆有可能。Kara SpainWhat makes me most happy is what comes from within myself or simply being me without false pretenses. It is a byproduct of living my purpose; being a writer, loving my family, and helping those in need when fate brings them along. That is who I am naturally, and when I cede to those things I feel most happy and alive as a human being.真正让我开心是内心存在的一些东西或者是简简单单做自己毫不伪装。这是活出我自己的目标的副产品,当一个作家,爱我的家庭,帮助那些被命运捉弄需要帮助的人们。我本就如此,当做到这些便会更加开心更有存在感。Chris HaighThe big stuff that brings me happiness are things like taking slow but steady steps towards goals, dreams, and ambitions that I want to achieve and feel ever more confident and hopeful in achieving.最能让我开心的莫过于朝着目标梦想和野心一步一步稳定的前进,同时感到越来越有信心和希望。I have to be honest, though; sometimes happiness really is about the little things we do and we have. It doesn’t have to be big, but if they make you happy, on a small but regular basis, then that makes them no less valid as sources of happiness. For me, it’s silly little things like gelato in the sun or reading books inside while it’s raining outside, or afternoon naps, or writing a great to-do list or playing with my dog.然而我必须承认,很多时候幸福本身是那些我们做的和拥有的小事情。不需要多么的巨大,但如果能让你开心,哪怕是再小不过再日常的小事,那么也要把这当成是幸福的源泉。对于我来说,一些看起来傻傻的小事,比如阳光下吃冰淇淋,雨天窝在家看书,下午打盹,列一个要待办清单,或是和狗狗玩耍,都是如此幸福。Happiness is a choice and a goal and anyway you choose to achieve it is valid and something you should striving to fill your life with.幸福感是选择和目标,是你选择来努力充实生活的事情。robbie hymanBelieve it or not, gratitude makes me happy.不管你信不信,感恩能让我幸福。Sounds counterintuitive, doesn’t it? Seems like it should work in exactly the opposite direction. First we get happy, then we can be grateful about it.听起来不那么靠谱,好像完全弄反了。直觉上应该是我们先幸福,再来心怀感恩。The more time during your day you can spend being grateful about the things and the people and the experiences and the luck you have in your life, the happier you’ll be. I promise. I also promise that if you try, really try, to think about all of the reasons you have to be grateful today, right now, you’ll find an astonishingly long list.每天你对事物或人以及生活中拥有的经历和好运感恩越多,你就越开心。我保证是这样。我还可以保证如果你试了,真正地尝试了,想了一下今天你应该感恩的所有理由,那么现在,你就会发现有很长很长的清单了。I remember my first condo. Tiny place, but it was all mine. And I’m not sure where I got the idea to do this, but I made a point ― from the day I moved in ― to walk into every room in the place, just to take a few seconds to reflect on the fact that I actually owned this room… and this one… that one too.我记得我第一个公寓。非常小,但真的是我的。我也不太清楚什么时候有了这样的想法,但就是这样――从我搬进去的那天开始,走到每一个房间,花几秒钟去回顾这个事实我真的拥有了这房间,还有这个,还有那个。Like I said, tiny place, so walking into each room wasn’t exactly a major physical task. But it worked. Because I made feeling grateful for that condo a part of my daily routine, I was a lot happier about it than I suspect most people are about their homes ― even if they’re a lot bigger than that condo was.就如我说的,因为是小地方,所以去到每一个房间也不是啥大体力活。但真的很有用。我开始感恩,有这样一个公寓归我所有,似乎我比其他人对家的满意度幸福感更强――哪怕他们的房子比我的公寓大很多。Find gratitude to find happiness. It works. In that order. I promise.先感恩再幸福。真的很有效,就遵循这个顺序吧,相信我没错。Royale ScuderiA genuine smile, a comforting hug, a kind word, the comforts of home, real and deep affection are all triggers for happiness, or at least for happy moments. But what truly brings me happiness is a contentment that comes from inside that I matter to those around me, that I’m contributing something to the world. I think for me, happiness comes both from within and from without; it’s a connection to other people, and a sense that all is OK, even in the midst of the uncertainty that surrounds us, that life is still hopeful and good and joyous.礼貌的微笑,安慰的拥抱,善意的言语,舒适的家,真实深沉的情感都是幸福的源泉,或至少能带来快乐的瞬间。但真正能让我开心的是来自于内心的满足,那种我对周围的人很重要、我对这个世界有着一定的贡献的满足感。我想对于我来说,幸福感来自内外,这是和别人的一种联系,一种感知,什么都可以,哪怕是包围着我们的不确定性,生活仍然充满希望好事和快乐。Happiness may be more than anything an attitude or more accurately a mindset, a willingness to look for the good in life and to fully embrace and appreciate it when you find it.幸福也许不仅仅是态度或者一种意识存在,而是一种意愿,你希望能在生活中找到美好,充分的去拥抱和感激你所找到的一切。华南师范大学自考独立办班英语专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/ucti001/40319-516380.aspx更多广州自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx咨询方式:38816946 吴老师 QQ:2251082501
英语阅读:去世界上最美的地方旅行(10 most beautiful vacation destinations)I don't know about you, but I'm always dreaming about my next trip and I'm often scouring the web for exciting new vacation destinations. It's a great educational and cultural experience for people and it helps people learn more about the world and think outside of the box.我不知道你对旅行的态度和看法,我却总是对我的下一个旅行充满梦想,我经常在网上搜激动人心的新度假胜地。对于大家而言,旅行是一个很好的教育和文化体验,旅行有助于人们更多地了解世界,跳出思维定势的思考模式。When you're planning your next trip, consider one of these 10 most beautiful travel spots. You might want to add them to your bucket list!当你计划你的下一次旅行时,考虑从这十大最美丽的旅游景点中选一个景点去旅行一次。你或许想要将它们添加到你的旅行目的地清单中!Maldives马尔代夫Famous for being the ultimate luxury-honeymoon getaway, the Maldives is made up of 1,192 islands (200 of which are inhabited) located in the Indian Ocean. It is the smallest Asian country and also the flattest country in the world. Known for its crystal-clear water and colorful and varied marine life, the Maldives is definitely a beautiful escape.马尔代夫是著名的绝佳新婚蜜月旅游胜地,位于印度洋,由1192个岛屿组成(其中200个岛屿有人居住)。它是亚洲最小的国家,也是世界上最低洼的国家。马尔代夫以其清澈的水域和各种各样的海洋生物而著名,绝对是一个美丽的旅游胜地。African Safari非洲萨法里If you had to pick just one travel adventure, you'll be hard-pressed to find a something more exciting than the wildebeest migration. Stay in a tent, lodge, or hotel in Kenya or another African country along the migration route and watch the large herd cross the plain or battle hungry crocodiles during a river crossing.如果让你选出一个旅游冒险胜地,你会很难找到比野兽大迁移更刺激的胜地。呆在帐篷里、住在旅店里、肯尼亚的宾馆里或非洲其他国家动物迁徙沿线的宾馆里,观看超大阵容的羊群穿越平原、或在过河时与饥饿的鳄鱼激战。Northern Lights北极光The northern lights or aurora borealis is a beautiful phenomenon named after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora. There are a number of countries where you can view these iridescent lights, and they include Alaska, Denmark, Greenland, Finland, and north of Canada.北极光是一种美丽的自然现象,以罗马曙光女神奥罗拉的名字命名。有许多国家包括阿拉斯加、丹麦、格陵兰、芬兰和加拿大北部都能观看到这种光亮的闪光。Iguazu Falls, South America南美洲伊瓜苏瀑布The Iguazu Falls, which runs from Brazil to Argentina, is known to be the most beautiful waterfall in the world. In fact, it is said that the United States' first lady Eleanor Roosevelt said, "Poor Niagara!" when she first saw the Iguazu Falls.伊瓜苏瀑布从巴西延伸到阿根廷,被认为是世界上最美丽的瀑布。事实上,据美国第一夫人埃莉诺・罗斯福第一次见到伊瓜苏瀑布说,“尼亚加拉瀑布根本无法匹及!”Grand Canyon, USA美国大峡谷One of the seven natural wonders of the world, the Grand Canyon is a geological landscape that's renowned for its natural beauty. It's most well known for its reddish formations.美国大峡谷是世界七大自然奇观之一,美国大峡谷是一个以地质景观闻名的自然美景。它的红色地层最为出名。Mont Saint-Michel, France法国圣米歇尔山Harry Potter fans and medieval buffs will surely appreciate the castlelike Norman Benedictine Abbey of St. Michel, which was an important pilgrimage site for Christians from the eighth century to the 18th century. It is considered to be one of the most amazing examples of medieval architecture.哈利波特粉丝和中世纪爱好者一定会喜欢参观圣米歇尔上的像城堡一样的诺曼底・本笃会修道院,这里是8世纪到18世纪基督徒的一个重要朝圣地。法国圣米歇尔山被认为是中世纪建筑风格的一个最神奇的例子。Mount Stromboli, Italy意大利斯特隆博利岛山There's nothing more terrifyingly beautiful than an active volcano, and you're almost guaranteed to see some eruption at Mount Stromboli, a volcano in Sicily. It has been in continuous eruption for the last 2,000 years, and you can get a view of the lava fireworks by hiking around the island to a good observation point or by checking it out from a comfortable cruise ship.再没有比一座活火山更美得出奇的了,保证你可以看到西西里斯特龙博利火山喷发的壮丽景观。这座火山在过去2000年的时间里一直持续喷发,你可以绕着岛周围徒步旅行到观景点观看火山喷发或乘坐舒适的游轮观看火山喷发的岩浆烟花。 华南师范大学自考独立办班英语专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/ucti001/40319-516380.aspx更多广州自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx咨询方式:38816946 吴老师 QQ:2251082501
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 基础英语试题 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项: 1. 答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2. 每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、词汇应用和语法结构(本大题共30小题,每小题1分,共30分) (一)词汇应用(15分) 选择最佳答案完成句子,错选、多选或未选均无分。 1. Did he give a ______ account of what have happened? A. truthful B. wasteful C. stressful D. harmful 2. It can kill you if you don’t notice the ______ signals. A. warned B. misleading C. warning D. fancy-sounding 3. Then it’s time to join a relaxation class or ______ dancing, painting or gardening. A. take up B. take into C. get down D. get into 4. By using UPC, the computer can print out the ______ price of the item. A. average B. accurate C. active D. artificial 5. The potato chip bags weigh 75 grams ______. A. piece B. apiece C. alike D. a like 6. Many other trains were stopping and ______ their passengers, and there were thousands of people in the station. A. unfolding B. unlocking C. unloading D. unfastening 7. Rust ______ very quickly when iron is not protected from dampness by paint, or in some other way. A. makes B. comes C. forms D. refines 8. ―What’s wrong with him? ―He is quite ______ about his chances of getting a decent job. A. excited B. interested C. confident D. pessimistic 9. Being away for more than a decade, he is still strongly ______ to his homeland. A. applied B. assorted C. attached D. allocated 10. He thought he could ______ from attending the MBA program. That’s why he quit the job. A. benefit B. gain C. promote D. achieve 11. The president ______ a plan to cut the government spending in the following year. A. put off B. put on C. put forward D. put out 12. You are in a very ______ position to apply for this job. Have a try! A. comparable B. crucial C. exclusive D. advantageous 13. All the speakers are required to ______ their speech to this topic. A. restrict B. limit C. refer D. confine 14. He has been ______ in advertising for a number of years. Maybe you could turn to him for some advice? A. estimated B. exposed C. engaged D. embodied 15. Don’t worry. He’s very much ______ of finishing the job on his own. A. capable B. strong C. able D. wise (二)语法结构(15分) 选择最佳答案完成句子,错选、多选或未选均无分。 16. The Drama, ______ almost everyone knows, is by Shakespeare. A. that B. what C. which D. how 17. A box of 200 facial tissues costs around ______ of that price. A. one-three B. two-third C. three-fourth D. one-third 18. Sally suggested that ______. A. Chris do the shopping and I clean the room. B. Chris does the shopping and I clean the room. C. Chris did the shopping and I clean the room. D. Chris doing the shopping and I cleaning the room. 19. The doctor warned the patient ______ smoking. A. from B. to C. against D. into 20. Britain needs ______ to pay for all the food she imports. A. exporting B. to export C. exports D. to have exported 21. He spends ______ 70% of his spare time reading novels or magazines. A. as many as B. as much as C. as little as D. as few as 22. Today, about three out of ______ four people in the world wear clothing made of cotton. A. each B. every C. any D. the 23. It is rather cold, ______ the sky is clear. A. however B. therefore C. and D. but 24. Mary bought a beautiful ______ curtain at the exhibition the other day. It’s exactly what she has been looking for. A. green large Italian B. Italian large green C. large Italian green D. large green Italian 25. The news ______ banks will charge higher interest on loans is told in today’s news report. A. which B. whether C. what D. that 26. No sooner ______ supper than ______ home. A. did he finish; his mother came B. he finished; did his mother come C. had he finished; his mother came D. he had finished; his mother came 27.―What’s wrong? ―I don’t know. The computer ______. A. can’t work B. won’t work C. didn’t work D. doesn’t work 28. But no matter how frightening it may be ______ a steel mill, we see steel in use all around us. A. visiting B. visit C. to visit D. visited 29. There ______ be a mistake. I clearly remember putting the book here. A. can B. may C. must D. should 30. ______ with last year, the average price was reduced by 9 percent. A. Compared B. Comparing C. To compare D. Being compared 二、改错 (本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分) 下面句子中有 A,B,C,D四个划底线部分,其中有一个是错误的,选出错误部分的字母,无需改正错误。 31. He said my suggestion was being considered by the managers at the meeting, so he did not A B know whether it would be accepted. C D 32. People tend to use the radio as a “background” while they are doing other things, paying few A B C attention to advertisements. D 33. Amazingly, computers work so fast to they can solve this problem in a few seconds. A B C D 34. By mean of taxation, we pay for things that we need just as much as we need somewhere to live A B C D and something to eat. 35. They know the all different motives that influence a consumer’s purchase―some rational and A B C D some emotional. 36. Fresh fish, for example, can be flown to restaurants each day, thus avoid the risk of spoilage A B that comes with packaging and storing a supply of fish. C D 37.Television allows advertisers to combine sight, sound, and motion, thus appealing for almost all A B C the viewers’senses. D 38. Present at the meeting was all the leading members of the department concerned. A B C D 39. It’s time we started to adjust ourselves with the new learning environment. We should depend on A B C D ourselves. 40. These rules and regulations are somewhat vague and however cannot prevent all violations A B C in real practices. D 三、完形填空(本大题共15小题,每小题1分,共15分) 选择最佳答案完成句子,错选、多选或未选均无分。 When there are no differences among countries in the basic capabilities at producing goods, other bases for trade among them may still exist. First, patterns of demand may 41 among nations. For example, most consumers in 42 country may consider dog meat a delicacy, 43 in another country the consumption of dog meat is disgusting. In this case the second country may sell its dog meat to the first country. Trade will be 44 not on differences in the production capabilities of the two countries 45 on different consumption preferences. Second, trade may occur out of economies of scale, 46 , the cost advantages of large-scale production. For example, Country A and Country B may have the same capability in producing cars and computers, but the cost for the production of both commodities will 47 if the goods are produced on a larger scale. 48 countries may find it advantageous if each 49 to specialize completely in the production of one commodity and import the other. 50 , trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though Country A produces enough cars at reasonable costs to meet its own 51 and even to export some, it may 52 import cars from other countries for innovation or variety of style. To 53 , the theory of international specialization seeks to answer the 54 which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them. Differences in production conditions, the element highlighted by the theory of comparative advantage, provide the most important part of the answer. But a complete answer must also 55 into account other factors such as patterns of demand, economies of scale and innovation or style. 41. A. differ B. offer C. refer D. infer 42. A. the B. one C. an D. that 43. A. so B. if C. while D. when 44. A. basis B. based C. basic D. basement 45. A. and B. or C. however D. but 46. A. for example B. in this case C. so that D. that is 47. A. increase B. raise C. decrease D. reduce 48. A. Both B. Neither C. Either D. All 49. A. is B. were C. was D. be 50. A. Firstly B. Secondly C. Thirdly D. Third 51. A. demand B. supply C. standard D. level 52. A. yet B. thus C. still D. instead 53. A. add B. summarize C. include D. contain 54. A. issue B. problem C. subject D. question 55. A. take B. make C. fake D. shake 四、阅读理解(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分) 本部分有两篇短文,每篇短文后有五个问题,每个问题有四个选项,请选择一个最佳答案。错选、多选或未选均无分。 Passage 1 The proposal aims to encourage people to be healthy. If this new idea in America becomes a law, people who are overweight could suffer financially too. The US State of Arizona wants to charge overweight citizens $50 annually if they fail to follow their doctors’ advice. People with children or who are overweight because they suffer from a medical condition would be spared from the punishment. If the idea is approved by the Congress, smokers and diabetics who fail to stick to a healthy lifestyle will also have to pay. Medicaid, the organisation which provides healthcare to the poor in the USA, costs the government $339 billion a year. Monica Coury, assistant director at Arizona’s Medicaid programme, said that this proposal would ask people to give something back. She said that Arizona would take a carrot and stick (胡萝卜加大棒) approach to the problem. As well as punishing people who go against their doctors’ wishes, incentives would be offered for following advice, possibly a keep-fit video. Arizona’s senator Kyrsten Sinema has not backed the plans, saying that there isn’t a system to decide whether someone is or isn’t following medical advice. Other critics claim that people don’t need the government to look after them; if they want to be fat and smoke, the ‘nanny state’ shouldn’t try to stop them. Wes Benedict of the Libertarian Party said, “If you want to save the state money … cut Medicaid across the board, but don’t single out overweight people and smokers.” 56. According to the proposal, what will happen to those overweight citizens in Arizona if they fail to follow the doctors’ advice? A. They will receive a keep-fit video. B. They will be put in prison. C. They will be fined $50 per year. D. They will be singled out. 57. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Overweight people with children won’t be fined. B. The proposal is expected to be passed by the President. C. Some people suffering a medical condition also become overweight. D. Medical care for the poor is a heavy burden on the government. 58. The word “incentives” in Paragraph 6 probably means ______. A. returns B. profits C. gifts D. awards 59. The reason why Kyrsten Sinema doesn’t support the proposal is ______. A. people can take good care of themselves B. every citizen is free to choose their life style C. no system can tell whether people follow their doctors’ advice D. it’s the government’s duty to offer medical services 60. What attitude does Wes Benedict hold toward this idea? A. supportive B. critical C. indifferent D. suspicious Passage 2 I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull. He got a good estate by merchandise, and leaving off his trade, lived afterwards at York, from whence he had married my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a very good family in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of words in England, we are now called-nay we call ourselves and write our name-Crusoe; and so my companions always called me. I had two elder brothers, one of whom was lieutenant-colonel to an English regiment of foot in Flanders, formerly commanded by the famous Colonel Lockhart, and was killed at the battle near Dunkirk against the Spaniards. What became of my second brother I never knew, any more than my father or mother knew what became of me. Being the third son of the family and not bred to any trade, my head began to be filled very early with rambling thoughts. My father, who was very ancient, had given me a competent share of learning, as far as house-education and a country free school generally go, and designed me for the law; but I would be satisfied with nothing but going to sea; and my inclination to this led me so strongly against the will, nay, the commands of my father, and against all the entreaties(恳求) and persuasions of my mother and other friends, that there seemed to be something fatal in that propensity(倾向) of nature, tending directly to the life of misery which was to befall me. 61. The word “lieutenant-colonel” in the second paragraph most probably means “______”. A. lawyer B. businessman C. manager D. leader of the troop 62. Robinson Crusoe got his name Robinson from ______. A. a Bremen’s foreigner B. the corruption of words in England C. mother’s relatives’, a very good family at York D. both A and B 63. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Robinson Crusoe was an obedient child who’d like to be a lawyer B. Robinson Crusoe was strongly against the will of his father C. Robinson Crusoe cared nothing of the will of his mother D. Robinson Crusoe would be satisfied with nothing but going to sea 64. It can be inferred from the passage that Robinson Crusoe was designed for ______. A. the navy B. the law C. foreign trade D. the colonel 65. This passage would probably be ______. A. the end of a fiction B. the beginning of a news report C. the end of commentary D. the beginning of a novel 非选择题部分 注意事项: 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上。 五、单词或短语的英汉互译(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分) (一) 将下列词语译成中文 (5分) 66. excess reserves 67. economic literature 68. short-distance distribution 69. comparable economy 70. replacement cost (二)将下列词语译成英文 (5分) 71. 贸易差额 72. 交通高峰时间 73. 收款台 74. 公众利益 75. 保险费 六、英汉句子互译 (本大题共4小题,共15分) (一)将下列句子译成中文 (8分) 76. A large percentage of women employees complained that they had been subjected to unfair treatment in the work place. (4分) 77. The government encourages its people to buy less expensive goods made at home, instead of more expensive imported products. (4分) (二)将下列句子译成英文 (7分) 78. 他们以合理的价格卖给我们医疗设备。(3分) 79. 要是没有从无形贸易中挣得的钱,英国将几乎年年出现赤字。(4分)广东外语外贸大学自考国际贸易专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/ucti010/40319-455526.aspx更多自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx?pid1=1广东外语外贸大学自考辅导班国际贸易专业咨询电话:38816946 QQ:2475775672 潘老师
暨南大学自考市场营销学专业复习题单项选择题(本大题共30小题,每小题1分,共30分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。1.最适宜描述凉鞋、凉席等季节性显著的日用品需求状况的是A.负需求 B.下降需求C.不规则需求 D.潜伏需求2.京联公司每年都推出T系列笔记本电脑新品,该产品突出高质量、高性能和高价格,这种做法体现的市场营销管理哲学是A.生产观念 B.产品观念C.推销观念 D.社会营销观念3.发洁洗发水公司决定将现在市场上销售的产品进行降价销售,以提升现有市场占有率,这种密集增长战略是A.市场渗透 B.市场开发C.产品开发 D.多元化经营4.加特家具公司决定只推出针对家庭市场的系列橱柜、桌椅,其采取的目标市场选择策略是A.市场集中化 B.选择专业化C.产品专业化 D.市场专业化5.使用波士顿咨询集团法对梅卡公司进行分析时发现,轴承业务的特点是高市场增长率和低相对市场占有率,这类战略业务单位属于A.问号类 B.明星类C.金牛类 D.瘦狗类6.芮佳时装公司兼并了本地三家经营不善的服装企业以扩大经营规模,这种增长战略是A.后向一体化 B.前向一体化C.水平一体化 D.多元化7.天河超市通过在天花板安装摄像头的方式,了解顾客在超市购物的行进路线和购物过程,并据此调整货物的摆放位置和顺序,这种原始数据收集方法是A.观察法 B.实验法C.调查法 D.专家意见法8.ANTE汽车公司将企业销售人员调查结果作为确定某车型生产量的依据之一,这种市场需求预测方法属于A.购买者意向调查法 B.销售人员综合意见法C.专家意见法 D.时间序列分析法9.岚山公司是一家奶粉生产企业,在婴幼儿、青少年和老年专业奶粉市场享有很高的知名度和美誉度,远远领先竞争对手。岚山公司通过市场调研发现针对糖尿病患者的奶粉为市场空白,市场状况是高机会、低威胁,故决定向市场投放专门针对糖尿病患者的奶粉,岚山公司的这一业务属于A.理想业务 B.冒险业务C.成熟业务 D.困难业务10.消费者小王在购买冰箱时,在普通上下双开门冰箱、三开门冰箱和左右对开门冰箱之间进行权衡选择,这种不同类型冰箱之间的竞争关系属于A.愿望竞争者 B.一般竞争者C.产品形式竞争者 D.品牌竞争者11.小王大学毕业后进入某公司工作,由于准备更换手机,因此对这类产品的各方面信息关注度非常高,这在心理因素中属于A.动机 B.知觉C.学习 D.信念和态度12.天华公司是一家大型建筑机械生产商,在新的年度采购计划中,对某一齿轮的采购报价比上一年度降低了10%,这种采购方式属于A.直接重购 B.修正重购C.全新采购 D.重复采购13.马特公司是一家专门经销冰箱的零售商,经营国内多家冰箱制造企业生产的各种型号和规格的冰箱,这种配货方式是A.独家配货 B.专深配货C.广泛配货 D.杂乱配货14.TEKA公司是一家洗涤剂制造商,在市场上一旦遭到竞争对手挑战,就会采取猛烈的全面反击,对于竞争对手而言,TEKA公司属于A.从容不迫型竞争者 B.选择型竞争者C.凶猛型竞争者 D.随机型竞争者15.对市场主导者而言,当市场占有率达到一定水平时,再进一步提高就要付出很大的代价,结果可能得不偿失,研究表明,市场主导者理想的市场占有率是A.25% B.50%C.75% D.100%16.晶晶皮鞋厂冬季在南方地区主推单皮鞋,在北方地区主推棉皮鞋,晶晶皮鞋厂采用的市场细分方式属于A.地理细分 B.人口细分C.心理细分 D.行为细分17.通田公司进行市场细分时,首先考虑细分市场能否获得充足的利润,这种市场细分有效性体现的是A.可测量性 B.可进入性C.可盈利性 D.可区分性18.蓝天超市在宣传时突出“天天平价”,吸引了大批精打细算的消费者,这种市场定位的依据是A.产品特色定位 B.生产者定位C.使用场合定位 D.顾客利益定位19.专供收藏的邮票、纪念币属于A.便利品 B.选购品C.特殊品 D.非渴求物品20.KLM公司有电冰箱、空调和微波炉三个产品线,其中电冰箱有6个产品项目、空调有4个产品项目,微波炉有2个产品项目,KLM公司的产品组合宽度是A.2 B.3C.4 D.621.HT公司是一家家用电器生产企业,全部产品均使用HT品牌进行销售,该公司采用的品牌统分策略是A.个别品牌 B.统一品牌C.分类品牌 D.企业名称加个别品牌22.丫丫食品公司生产的儿童饼干采用铁盒与纸盒两种包装方式,用以区分送礼和自用,这种包装策略属于A.相似包装策略 B.相关包装策略C.分等级包装策略 D.附赠品包装策略23.ML公司在确定新年度的产品定价时,将获得更大的市场份额作为主要目标,同类产品的定价普遍低于竞争对手10%,ML公司的定价目标是A.维持企业生存 B.当期利润最大化C.市场占有率最大化 D.产品质量最优化24.居民在不同的菜市场自由选择不同的商贩销售的蔬菜,这种市场结构属于A.完全竞争 B.垄断竞争C.寡头垄断 D.纯粹垄断25.康达面包厂生产的面包全部由顺达公司分销给各零售超市进行销售,这一分销渠道的长度是A.一阶 B.二阶C.三阶 D.四阶26.两家经营某品牌矿泉水的经销商,地域接近但分属不同省份,由于货物越界经常发生渠道冲突,产生这类冲突的原因是A.目标差异 B.归属差异C.认知差异 D.过度依赖27.LALA食品公司主导产品为薯片,在超市主要采用“买二赠一”的方法进行促销,这种促销方式是A.人员推销 B.广告C.销售促进 D.宣传28.高达公司每年根据财务经理提供的资金预算来确定广告预算,这种确定广告预算的方法是A.量力而行法 B.销售百分比法C.竞争对等法 D.目标任务法29.MATE公司是一家全国性公司,在各个省(直辖市、自治区)均组建了自己的销售公司,这种组织类型是A.职能型组织 B.产品型组织C.市场型组织 D.地理型组织30.下列不属于企业社会责任的是A.保护企业利益 B.保护消费者权益C.保护社会的利益和发展 D.保护社会自然环境 暨南大学自考独立办班市场营销专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/ucticn/40319-439265.aspx更多广州自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx?pid1=2咨询方式:020-38816946 QQ 2443892379 张老师
人力资源管理:工资管理决策内容 对于工资管理,企业的劳资主管必须作出一系列决策。 (一)企业的文化价值观 文化观当然会指导与影响管理的各个方面,对工资管理也有重大的作用,其中最主要的是对本企业职工的本性与价值的认识。 (二)企业战略和政策 工资战略包括在市场上本企业的工资水准应定在哪一位置上,是全行业最高,力挫群雄,总揽天下英才;还是不做出头鸟,而紧跟工资最高企业之后;还是甘居中游,既不冒尖又不落后;或者保持低姿态,取偏低工资而维持尽可能低的人力成本以增强本企业产品的竞争力。 再如,在企业内部的工资分配方面,是严格地按贡献付酬,搞重赏重罚,不惜拉大收入差距;还是照顾大多数,适当平均,以避免激化矛盾。若实行工资与工作绩效挂钩,是以个人绩效还是集体(班组、科室乃至全厂或全公司)的绩效为基础。 在工资的形式上,工资、奖励与福利三者以什么样的比例搭配;奖励是否封顶、保底;工资制度是全企业统一,而且由企业最高层控制,还是放权到中层或基层,让他们根据各自情况自主决定。对于企业中的各种不同的“特殊职务族”,是否要制定和执行专门的倾斜与优惠政策,如对管理干部、高级专家、重体力劳动者、女工等。 (三)企业工资的总体水平 在战略与政策这一层面,决策还是原则性的、定性的;在下面的层次,决策就要精确些,基本是定量性的:要决定本企业工资总体平均水平是每月若干元。这一决策主要是人才市场竞争性与产品成本经济性之间权衡。 (四)每一特定职务或岗位的具体薪酬水平 这种决策更为具体,一般要由劳资管理部门负责实施。但要在既定政策指导下,作这一层面决策时,决不是一个个职务孤立地去确定其薪酬;而必须相互联系起来,关照上下相邻职务去考虑。换言之,不同层级的各项职务的薪酬是由某种统一的原则来确定的,各层级职务间的工资差距的确定,是可以用有逻辑的理由说明的,决不是任意的、武断的。 (五)每一位职工个人的具体薪酬水平 同一职务的人的薪酬并不一定相等,每一职务可以有一定的薪酬范围,即再分为若干等级。例如同是车床操作工,或同是会计师,薪酬水平可能并不一致。这样,一项职务的最高薪等可能超过紧邻的高一层级职务的最低薪等,亦即各相邻职务的薪酬范围可能互有一定重叠之处。究竟是设多层级而每级薪等少,还是没少层级而每级薪等多,各有利弊,这也属薪酬管理中的一项决策。 (六)工资支付及提升形式 这也是很具体的工作,如确定是按功绩提升,还是到一定时间全体一致“自动”总体调整,薪酬、奖励之间比例如何,这二者与福利金在总额中具体比例如何等。 华南师范大学自考独立办班人力资源管理专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/ucticn/40319-439386.aspx更多广州自考专业介绍:http://cticn.anyp.com/c40319.aspx?pid1=2 咨询方式:020-38816946 QQ 2443892379 张老师